What does subtractive bilingualism do in relation to a student's first language?

Subtractive bilingualism refers to a situation where the acquisition of a second language, such as English, leads to a decline or diminishment of proficiency and use in the first language. This typically occurs in environments where the second language is prioritized over the first language. In this case, the approach tends to promote English as the dominant language, which can result in students not only losing their first language skills but also potentially losing cultural connections tied to that language.

The focus on English reflects a belief that proficiency in English is necessary for academic and social success, often at the expense of the first language. This can create a hierarchy in which English is seen as more valuable or beneficial, thus placing it above the student's first language. The other options suggest scenarios of support or equality between languages, which do not align with the concept of subtractive bilingualism that emphasizes the erosion of the first language.