According to the Castaneda vs. Pickard criteria, what is essential for bilingual programs?

The correct choice reflects that bilingual programs are required to demonstrate their effectiveness in overcoming linguistic barriers, which aligns with the Castaneda vs. Pickard criteria established by the courts. These criteria serve as a benchmark to ensure that educational programs for English language learners are not only present but are also beneficial in helping students gain proficiency in English while maintaining and developing their home language. This focus on effectiveness is crucial because it signifies that the program should lead to measurable improvements in students' language skills, enabling them to participate successfully in school and society.

In contrast, while funding by local governments can be important for the sustainability of a program, it is not a criterion that guarantees the program's effectiveness in addressing students' linguistic needs. Similarly, focusing solely on English instruction does not align with the principles of bilingual education, which aims to develop both English proficiency and the maintenance of the student’s native language. Lastly, while including cultural studies can enrich the curriculum and foster a more comprehensive educational experience, it is not a requirement that impacts the program's effectiveness in overcoming language barriers. The emphasis is primarily on demonstrable effectiveness in helping students navigate their bilingual education journey.