Which term refers to the distinct properties of sounds made during human speech?

The term that refers to the distinct properties of sounds made during human speech is phonetics. Phonetics is the branch of linguistics that studies the production, transmission, and perception of speech sounds. It focuses on the physical aspects of sounds, including their articulation (how speech sounds are produced), acoustic properties (the sound waves produced), and auditory processing (how sounds are heard and understood).

By understanding phonetics, one can analyze various sounds in any language, distinguishing between voiced and voiceless sounds, vowels and consonants, as well as different phonetic qualities such as pitch and intensity. This knowledge is fundamental for ESOL learners since they may need to adjust their pronunciation and speech patterns to improve communication in a second language.

In contrast, phonology deals with the abstract, systematic function of sounds in a specific language rather than the physical characteristics of sounds. Morphology studies the structure and formation of words, while syntax focuses on the arrangement of words into phrases and sentences.