What aspect of language does syntax refer to?

Syntax refers to the order of words in sentences, which is a fundamental aspect of how a language is structured. It dictates how phrases and clauses are arranged to convey meaning effectively. The arrangement of words can alter the meaning of a sentence; for instance, "The dog chased the cat" has a different meaning from "The cat chased the dog."

Understanding syntax is essential for both constructing grammatically correct sentences and for comprehending the intended meaning in communication. Effective use of syntax allows for clarity and coherence in writing and speaking, making it a critical component of language learning, particularly for speakers of other languages. The other choices focus on different linguistic elements: sound production relates to phonetics, meaningful elements pertain to semantics, and pronunciation centers on how words are spoken. Each aspect plays a role in language, but syntax specifically concerns the arrangement of words.